- «e¨¥
- ±´·½ - ±´¯Á¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½ªººë¯«¤Î¬yµ{
- §ïµ½¾Ç³N¥Xª©ªº¾÷¨î¡A¦A²{¤À¨É¾Ç³N¦¨ªGªººë¯«
- ¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½¬yµ{
- «Ø¥ß¾Ç³N¥Xª©·s¿³¨t²Îªºì«h
- ¦M¾÷ - ±´¨s¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½©Ò²£¥Íªº°ÝÃD
- ²{¦æ¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½¨t²Î¥¢±±ªºì¦]
- ¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½ªº¦M¾÷
- ´Á¥Zq¶Oº¦´T vs. ¹Ï®Ñ´Á¥Z¸g¶O¦¨ªø
- ´Á¥Z°ª»ù¤Î°ªº¦´T
- ¦@ÃÑ - ´M§ä¸Ñ¨M°ÝÃD¤Î§Î¦¨¦@ÃѪº¤è¦V
- ³Ð·s - ¬ã¨s¤wµo®i¦¨¥\ªº¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½³Ð·s¾÷¨î
¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½¬O°ªµ¥±Ð¨|³Ì¿W¯Sªº¬¡°Ê¡A¤]¬O³Ì«nªº¬¡°Ê¤§¤@¡C¦]¬°ºô»Úºô¸ôªº±a°Ê¤Î¸ê°T¬ì§Þªºµo®i¡A¬°¤F¸Ñ¨M¤Î§ïµ½¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½¡A¥H¥[³t¬ã¨s¦¨ªGªº¤À¨É¤Î¨ú ¥Î¡A¥þ ²yªº¦U¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¾÷ºc¦¤w¶i¦æ³\¦h¬ÛÃöªº¬ã¨spµe¡A¥B¦³¬Û·í¥iÆ[ªº¦¨ªG¡C¦b«ä¦Ò°ªµ¥±Ð¨|¥¼¨Óªº¬ÛÃöijÃD®É¡A¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½ªº§ïÅܤΥ¼¨Óµo®i¬O¤j¾ÇªÀ¸sªº¦¨û¥²n¥h Ãö¤Áªº¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥»À]´N¥|Ó¥DÃD¡A»`¶°¾ã²z¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¡A§Æ±æ¯à«P¶i¥»®Õ®v¥Í¹ï©ó¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½ªº»{ÃÑ¡C
¾Ç ³N¶Ç¼½ (Scholarly Communication) ¬O«ü¸g¥Ñ¥¿¦¡©Î«D¥¿¦¡ºÞ¹D¡A¶Ç»¼©Î¤À¨É¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¦¨ªG¡C¥¿¦¡ºÞ¹D«ü±Ä¥Î¤½¶}¥B¥Ã¤[ªº¤è¦¡¶Ç»¼¸ê°T¡A¦p¡G³z¹L¹Ï®Ñ©Î´Á¥Z¡C«D¥¿¦¡ºÞ¹D«h«üµu¼Èªº¥æ¬y¡A¦p¡GÓ¤H ªº¥æ½Í¡B°Ñ¥[·|ij©Î¨p¤H³q«Hµ¥¡C¤£¦P¾Ç¬ì»â°ìªº¾ÇªÌ¦]¬°¨ü¨ì¥~¦b¦]¯Àªº¼vÅT¡A¨ä¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½ªº¦æ¬°©Î±ÄÊFªººÞ¹D§¡¦³©Ò®t²§¡C¦p¡G¬ì¾Ç»â°ìªº¸g¶O¸É§U¦h¡A¬ì¾Ç®a °Ñ¥[·|ijªº¾÷·|¤]¸û¦h¡F¤H¤å¤ÎªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç»â°ì´Á¥Z¯Ê¥F¸g¶O¸É§U¡A¾ÇªÌ¦h¥H¥Xª©±M®Ñ¬°¥D¡C
¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GJohn Feather and Paul Sturges, ed.
International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science. London:
Routledge, 1997, pp.409-410.
·í¾Ç³N¬Éªº¾ÇªÌ©Î¬O¬ã¨s¤Hû¶i¦æ¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½ªº¬ÛÃö¬¡°Ê®É¡A¬O¥H¤À¨Éªººë¯«»P¼ö§Õ¨Ó¬Ý«Ý¦Û¤vªº
¬ã¨s¦¨ªG¡A¦Ó¬ì¾Ç¤]¦]¬°¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½³oºØµL¨p¥i¶Qªººë¯«¡A¦Ó±o¥H§Ö³tªºµo®i¡C¤½¶}¥B¦Û¥Ñªº¨Ï¥Î¾Ç³N¸ê°T¡A¥¿¬O«P¶i¾Ç³Nµo®iªºÃöÁä¡C
ªø´Á¥H¨Ó¡A¾ÇªÌ±N±o¨ì¬ã¨s¸g¶O¸É§Uªº¦¨ªG¡A³z¹LÀç§Q¥Xª©ªÀ©Ò´x±±ªº¾÷¨î¡A¸g¹L¼f½Z«á¥Xª©¡A
¦A¥Ñ¹Ï®ÑÀ]½s¦C¹wºâ¶R¦^¡CµL½×¬O¸g¶O¸É§U©Î¬O´Á¥Zq¶O¡A³£¤£¬O¨Ó
¦Û¾ÇªÌ¡A¦]¦¹¾ÇªÌ¸û¤£®e©öµo²{¡A³oӶDzΥXª©ªº¾÷¨î¡A¤w¸g³y¦¨¹Ï®ÑÀ]¨S¦³¯à¤O´£¨Ñ¨ä¬ã¨s©Ò»Ýªº¸ê°T¡A±N¼vÅT¨ä¶i¦æ§ó¶i¤@¨Bªº¬ã¨s©Î±Ð¾Ç¡C
¾Ç³N¸ê·½ªº¨Ï¥ÎÅv¾D¨ìÀç§Q¥Xª©ªÀ©ÒÃbÂ_¡A±N¹ï¾Ç³Nµo®i²£¥Í¤£¨}ªº¼vÅT¡C¸g¹L¹Ï®ÑÀ]¾Ç¬Éªº©I
Æ~¡A¾Ç³N¬É¤wª`·N¨ì³oÓÄY«ªº°ÝÃD¡A´Á¬ß¸g¥Ñ¦UºØ³~®|ªº§V¤O¡A«Ø
¥ß¤@Ó¥þ·sªº¾Ç³N¥Xª©¾÷¨î¡Cµ½¥[¹B¥Î¬ì§Þ¡A«Ø¥ß½u¤W¼f½Z¨t²Î¡A¥HÁYµu¦L¨ê¥Xª©®É¥N©Ò»Ý¤¾ªøªº¼f½Z¹Lµ{¡C§ó«nªº¹Á¸Õ«Ø¥ß¦UºØ¥i¥H§ïµ½©Î«P¶i¤½¶}¨ú¥Îªº¤u
¨ã¡C
¹Ï¤@¡G¶Ç²Îªº¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½¬yµ{
(¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GCharles J. Lowry (edt.), Librarians and publishers in the scholarly information process: transition in the Electronic age, Association of American Publishers, http://www.arl.org/clr/Frontmatter.html)
¹Ï¤G¡Gºô»Úºô¸ô®É¥Nªº¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½¬yµ{
(¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GCharles J. Lowry (edt.), Librarians and publishers in the scholarly information process: transition in the Electronic age, Association of American Publishers, http://www.arl.org/clr/Frontmatter.html)
·sª¾ÃѪº³Ð³y¡B¶Ç¼½¤ÎÀ³¥Î¡A¬OÅý¤½¥Á¨ã¦³´¼¼z¤Î¸gÀÙªÀ·|´I¸Îªºµo®i°ò¦¡A°ªµ¥±Ð¨|¾÷ºc§Y¨ã
¦³³o¥\¯à¡C³z¹L¬ã¨s¤Î±Ð¾Ç¼W¶iª¾ÃÑ¡A«h¬O°ªµ¥±Ð¨|¹ï©ó¤½¦@°] (public good) µL¤ñ»ùȪº°^Äm¡C
¥Ñ©ó²{¦³ªº¾Ç³N¥Xª©¨t²Î¦¨¥»¤Ó°ª¡A³y¦¨STM(Science,
Technology, and
Medicine)´Á¥Zªºq¶O°ªº¦¡A¨Ï±o¤j¾Ç¤Î¬ã¨s¹Ï®ÑÀ]µLªk´£¨Ñ¥R¸ÎªºÀ]ÂáA¥H¤ä´©±Ð®v¤Î¾Ç¥Íªº»Ý¨D¡A§ó¢¨Ï¥Xª©¤H¤å¤ÎªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç»â°ì¹Ï®Ñªº¤j¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ¤Î
¾Ç·|¡A¦]¬°¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº¹Ï®ÑÁʶR¤O¤U°¡A¦Ó±Á{¤j¶q´î¤Ö¥Xª©³o¨âÓ»â°ìªº¹Ï®Ñ©Î¬OÂಾ¨ì¼Æ¦ì¥Xª©ªº¨âÃø§½±¡CÁöµM¤w¦³³\¦h·sªº¥Xª©¼Ò¦¡±À¥X¡A¦ý¬O¾Ç¬É¯Ê¥F¦@ÃÑ
¤Î¥¼¯à±Ä¨ú¤@Pªº¦æ°Ê¡A¨Ï±o´Á¥Z»ù®æ¤´«ùÄòötº¦¡C
2000¦~3¤ë2~4¤é¦b¬ü°ê¨È§Q®á¨º¦{¤Ñ´¶¥«(Tempe,
Arizona)©Ò¥l¶}ªº·|ij¡A´N¬O¬°¤FÅý´x´¤¾Ç³N¥Xª©¬yµ{ªº¥D¨ÆªÌ¦³¾÷·|¦@¦P°Q½×¡A¤Î«Ø¥ß¥i¨Ñ«ü¤Þ¾Ç³N¥Xª©¨t²ÎÂàÅܪº¿í¦æì«h¡C·í®É»P·|ªº¬ü°ê¤j¾Ç®Õ
ªø¡B¹Ï®ÑÀ]À]ªø¡A¥H¤Î¾Ç·|¥D®u¡A¦@¹F¦¨9¶µ¦@ÃÑ¡A¾Ú¥H¹ª§j¾Ç³N¥Xª©·s¨t²Îªº³]p¤ÎµûŲ¡A¨Ã©Ó¿Õ±Ä¨ú¦æ°Ê¡A³z¹LºÞ²z¥i¾a¥B¥I±o°_¨ú¾\¶O¥Îªº¨t²Î¡A¥H¤Þ¾É°ªµ¥
±Ð¨|¾÷ºc´Â¦V´£¨Ñ©Ò¦³±Ðû¨ú¥Î©Ò¦³¾Ç³N»â°ì¬ÛÃö¬ã¨s¸ê·½ªº¥Ø¼Ð¡C
¾Ç³N¾÷ºc¥Xª©¬ã¨s¦¨ªG©Ò»Ýªº¸g¶OÀ³¤©ºû«ù¡AÅý±Ð®v©M¾Ç¥Í¯à°÷«ùÄò¬Æ¦ÜÂX¤j¨ú¥Î¬ÛÃö ªº¬ã¨s¥Xª©¡C¤j¾ÇªÀ¸sªº¦¨ûÀ³¸Ó¦@¦P¬ãÀÀ°õ¦æµ¦²¤¥H¹F¦¨¦¹¤@¥Ø¼Ð¡A±Ð®vªº°Ñ»P¬O¦¹¶µ¦æ°Ê±o¥H¦¨¥\ªº«nÃöÁä¡C
À³¸Ó¹B¥Î¹q¤l¤Æªº®Ä¯à¡A´£¨Ñ¼sªxªº¨ú¥Î¾Ç³N¸ê·½¡B¹ªÀy¸ó»â°ìªº¬ã¨s¡B¼W¶i¤¬³q©Ê¤Î ¬d´M¯à¤O¡C¦b¹q¤l¤ÆªºÀô¹ÒùØ¡A¶}µo¦@¥Îªº¼Ð·Ç¬O«D±`«nªº¡C
¾Ç³N¥Xª©«~À³¥Héwªº¤è¦¡¤©¥H¨åÂáA´£¨Ñ¥Ã¤[¨Ï¥Î¡CY¬O¹q¤l¤Æªº§@«~¡AÀ³«O¦³³Q¤Þ ¥Î(citation)¤Î³sµ²®Éªº¥Ã¤[ÃѧO¼Ð°O (a permanent identifier)¡C
¾Ç³N¥Xª©ªº¨t²ÎÀ³¸Ó¥]¬AµûŲ¾Ç³NµÛ§@«~½èªºµ{§Ç¡A¦Ó¥B¨C¤@ºØ¥Xª©«~À³¸Ó´£¨ÑŪªÌ¦³ Ãöµû½×¦¹µÛ§@ªº¬ÛÃö¸ê°T¡C
¾Ç³NªÀ¸sÀ³´x´¤ª©Åv¤Î¦X²z¨Ï¥Îªº·§©À¡A¦b¼Æ¦ìÀô¹Ò¤¤´M¨D¾Ö¦³ªÌ¤Î¨Ï¥ÎªÌ§Q¯qªº¥¿Å ÂI¡C¤j¾Ç¡B¾Ç°|¡A¤Î¨ä±ÐûÌ¡AÀ³¥H¤@ºØ¯à°÷½T©wÅý±Ð®v¦b±Ð¾Ç¤Î¬ã¨s®É¥i¥H¨ú閲¤Î§Q¥Î¨äµÛ§@ªº¤è¦¡¡A¨ÓºÞ²zª©Åv¤Î¨ä¨Ï¥Î¨î©M¨Ò¥~¡C
¦b°Ó°Q¥Xª©¨óij®É¡A±Ð®vÀ³Ã±¸p¥i¥H¼W¶i¨äµÛ§@«K©ó§Q¥Î(ready use) ªº¬ÛÃöÅv§Q¡A¨Ã¿ï¾Ü¥H¦X²z»ù®æ¥Xª©¾Ç³N¦¨ªG¬°¥Ø¼Ðªº´Á¥Zµoªí½×¤å¡C
¦b±±¨î«~½èªº¬Û¦Pì«h¤U¡A¥Xª©½×¤åªº®Éµ{À³¤©ÁYµu¡C
¬°½T«OµÛ§@«~½è¤Î´î§C¤j¶q¥Xª©ªº±¡ªp¡AµûŲ±ÐûÀ³¸Ó§ó±j½ÕµÛ§@ªº«~½è¡A¨Ã¥B´î§C¹ï ©ó¶qªº«µøµ{«×¡C
¹q¤l¤Æ©M¦L¨ê¥»ªºÀô¹Ò¤@¼Ë¡A¾ÇªÌ¤Î¾Ç¥Í¨Ï¥Î¸ê®ÆªºÁô¨pÅv³£À³¸Ó¥[¥H«OÅ@¡C
¹Ï®ÑÀ]ÁʶR¯à¤O¤U°¡AÁʸm¹Ï®Ñ¸ê®Æ¶q»¼´î¡A¥Xª©ªÀ´£°ª»ù®æ¥H¦]À³¡A§Î¦¨´c©Ê´`Àô¡C
¹Ï®Ñ¤Î´Á¥Z¥Xª©¶q³v¦~¼W¥[¡A¥i¨ú¥Îªº¾Ç³N¸ê·½«o¶V¨Ó¶V¤Ö¡C
ÁöµM¥þ²y´Á¥Zªº¥Xª©¶q±q1980¦~¥N¤¤´Á¶}©l§Y¥H¿¼Æ¦¨ªø¡A
¦ý¥_¬ü¬ã¨s¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº´Á¥Zq¾\¶q¥§¡´î¤Ö6%¡C
http://www.arl.org/newsltr/210/costs.html
1999¦~¬ü°ê¬ã¨s¹Ï®ÑÀ]¥§¡ÁʮѶq¸û1986¦~´î¤Ö26%¡C¦P´Á¶¡¥þ²y¹Ï®Ñ¥Xª©
¶q¦~¼Wªø50%¡C
http://www.arl.org/newsltr/210/costs.html
1993¦Ü1998¦~¶¡¡A¿D¬w38©Ò¤j¾Ç¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº´Á¥ZÁ`q¾\¶q´î¤Ö¤F43.7%¡C
http://www.createchange.org/librarians/issues/silent.html#Australia
¤j«¬¥Xª©ªÀªº¨ÖÁÊ¡BÃbÂ_¡A¨Ï´Á¥Z»ù®æötº¦¡C
Georgia Institute of Technology ªº¸gÀپǮaMark McCabeµo²{¡AElsevier©ó1991¦~¦X¨ÖPergamon Press«á¡A¥§¡´Á¥Zq»ùº¦¤F27%¡C¦P¼Ë¦a¡AKluwer¶R¤ULippincott«á¡Aq¶O¤]º¦¤F30%¡C
°Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ " Librarians Seek to Block Merger of Scientific Publishing Giants," By Malakoff, David, Science, 11/03/2000, Vol. 290, Issue 5493Impact Factor®ÄÀ³¡G
1960 ¦~¥N¡AISI (Institute for Scientific Information)±À¥X¬ì¾Ç´Á¥Z¤Þ¤å¨t²Î¡A¥Himpact factor(¥§¡¨C¦~¨C½g¤å³¹³Q¤Þ¥Îªº¦¸¼Æ)§@¬°´Á¥Z±Æ¦Wªº¨Ì¾Ú¡A¨Ï±o¬Y¨Ç´Á¥Z¦¨¬°¹Ï®ÑÀ]«D¶R¤£¥iªº "®Ö¤ß" ´Á¥Z¡A§ó¬O³y¦¨³o¨Ç´Á¥Z»ù®æªº¤ôº¦²î°ª¡C¦Óimpact factor±Æ¦W¦b«e500¦Wªº´Á¥Z¤¤¡A´X¥G¦³¤@¥bªº´Á¥Z³£¬OÄÝ©óElsevier¡AKluwerµ¥¤j«¬¥Xª©ªÀ¡C
3b1. ¹w´ú2012¦~¹Ï®ÑÀ]ÁʶR¯à¤O
´º¶H¤@¡G
°²³]´Á¥Zq¶Oºû«ù9%ªº¦~º¦´T¡A¦Ó¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº´Á¥Z¸g¶O¦~¦¨ªøºû«ù7.9%¡A¨ì2012¦~®É- -
(¤@) ¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº´Á¥Z¸g¶O¬°1,102¸U¬ü¤¸¡C (¤G) ¹Ï®ÑÀ]»Ýn1,424¸U¬ü¤¸¤~¯àºû«ù1986¦~ªº´Á¥ZÀ]Âäô¥¡C (¤T)¦]¸g¶O¤£¨¬(326¸U¬ü¤¸)¡A¥u¯à§Rq´Á¥Z¡C±q1999¦~¦Ü2012¦~¡A¥§¡´Á¥ZÀ]ÂñN±q15,259ºØ´î¦Ü12,356ºØ¡C±q1986¦~¨ì2012¦~´Á ¥ZÀ]ÂÃÁY´î24.3%¡C
´º¶H¤G¡G¥Ñ©ó¹Ï®Ñ¸g¶O¦¨ªøªºÅܼƫܦh¡A¦]¦¹´Á¥Z¸g¶O¦~¦¨ªø·|§C©ó7.9%¡C°²³]´Á¥Z¸g¶O¦~¦¨ªø¤U·Æ ¦Ü5%¡A¨ì2012¦~®É--
(¤@) ¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº´Á¥Z¸g¶O¬°773¸U¬ü¤¸¡C (¤G) ¹Ï®ÑÀ]»Ýn1,424¸U¬ü¤¸¤~¯àºû«ù1986¦~ªº´Á¥ZÀ]Âäô¥¡C (¤T)¸g¶O¤£¨¬655¸U¬ü¤¸¡A¥u¯à§Rq´Á¥Z¡C±q1999¦~¦Ü2012¦~¡A¥§¡´Á¥ZÀ]ÂñN±q15,259ºØ´î¦Ü8,363ºØ¡C±q1986¦~¨ì2012¦~´Á¥ZÀ]ÂÃÁY ´î48.7%¡C
¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½ Scholars Under Siege, Create Change(¤@) ¬ü¥[°ªµ¥±Ð¨|¤Î¬F©²¾÷ºc¨C¦~ªá¶O¤W»õ¬üª÷¥H¤ä´©¬ã¨s¡AµM«á¦Aªá¤W»õ¤¸±N³o¨Ç¥¿¦¡¥Xª©ªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªG¶R¦^¨Ó¡C
(¤G) µÛªÌ¥¢¥h¹ïÓ¤HµÛ§@ªº¨Ï¥ÎÅv¡G¾ÇªÌ§â¬ã¨s¦¨ªGªºª©ÅvÂàÅýµ¹¥Xª©ªÀ«á¡A¨Ï±oµÛªÌ§Q¥Î¦Û¤vªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªG¨ü¨ì¨î¡A§Y¨Ï¦b½Ò°ó¤W¨Ï¥Î¤]¤£¦æ¡C1986~2002¦~¹Ï®Ñ´Á¥Z³æ»ù¤Î¥_¬ü¬ã¨s¹Ï®ÑÀ]ÁʶR¯à¤O¤ñ¸û
3d1. ¬ì¾Ç´Á¥Z¦³¦h¶Q¡Hµ´¹ïÅý§AÀ~¤@¸õ¡I
http://www.englib.cornell.edu/exhibits/stickershock/ ¡@
´Á¥Z¦WºÙ | ¦~q¶O(US$) | ¦PÈ°Ó«~ |
Applied Polymer Science |
12,495 |
Toyota Corolla°ª¯Å©Ð¨® |
Theoretical Computer Science |
4,610 |
TiffanyÆp§Ù (Æ^28Áû.89§J©ÔÆp¥Û) |
3d2. ´Á¥Zº¦´T¦X²z¶Ü¡H
Dr. Rosenzweig¤ÀªRµ¹§A¬Ý¡G
¥H2000¦~®É¡AFAXON¹w´ú2001¥_¬ü¬wªº´Á¥Zº¦´T¦]¯À¬°¨Ò
Dr. Rosenzweig ¤ÀªR
¤@¡B¬°¦ó³q³f¿±º¦²v¶È2.5%¡A¦Ó´Á¥Zq¶O«o »Ýnº¦10%?
µª¡G«Ü²³æ¡A¦]¬°´Á¥Z»ù®æ³Q½Õ¾ã¤G¦¸¡A¤@¦¸±Ä¥Î³q ³f¿±º¦²v¡A²Ä¤G¦¸¦A¥[¤W©Ò¦³¥Xª©¦]¯Àªºº¦´T¡C·Ó²z¥u¯à¤G¾Ü¤@¡A´N¹³¥Ó³ø©Ò±oµ|®É¡A¥u¯à¿ï¾Ü¦CÁ|¦©°£ÃB©Î¼Ð·Ç¦©°£ÃB¡A¦pªG§A§â¤GºØ¦©°£ÃB³£¥[¦b¤@°_¥Ó³ø§Kµ| ÃB¡A°êµ|§½¤@©w·|§â§A§ì¥hÃö¡C
¤G¡B¬° ¦ó³q³f¿±º¦²v¶È2.5%¡A¦Ó¥Xª©¦]¯Àº¦´T¤pp«o°ª¹F7.5%?
µª¡G¤£n³Q¥Xª©ªÀé²V¹L¥h¡A¥L̤£À³¸Ó¥H³æ¶µ¥[Á`ªº¤è¦¡¨Ópºâ¾ãÓ¥Xª©¦]¯Àªºº¦´T¡C(¤@)¥H¯È±i¦¨¥»¨Ó»¡¡A¦pªG¯È±iº¦2%¡A¨Ã¤£ªí¥Ü´Á¥Zq¶O´Nn½Õ2%¡A¦]¬°¯È±i¶È¦û¾ãÓ¥X
ª©¦¨¥»ªº·¥¤p³¡¥÷¡A¶l¸ê¤]¬O¦p¦¹¡C¥HEvolutionary Ecology Research´Á¥Z¬°¨Ò¡A¯È±i¤Î¶l¸êªºº¦´TÀ³pºâ¦p¤U:
¯È±i¦¨¥»¦ûÁ`¥Xª©¦¨¥»¤§ 6.2% X ¯È±iº¦´T 2% = 0.124%
¶l¸ê¦¨¥»¦ûÁ`¥Xª©¦¨¥»¤§ 2.5% X ¶l¸êº¦´T 0.5% = 0.012%
¥i¨£¯È±i¤Î¶l¸êªºº¦´T®Ú¥»´N¬O·L¥G¨ä·L¡C
(¤G) §Rq¦]¯À¡G¹Ï®ÑÀ]§Rq´Á¥Z¡A¤@¯ë»F¦]©óq¶O°ª¡A¹wºâ¤£¨¬¥H¤ä¥I¡C¥Xª©ªÀ±N§Rqªº¦¨¥»¡AÂà¥ÑÄòq¤á¨Ó©Ó¾á¡AÅýÄòq¤á¤ä¥I§ó°ªªºq¶O¡A¹ê¦b¨S¤Ñ¨}¡C
(¤T) ¦n§a¡IÅý§Ṳ́@°_¨Ì·Ó¥Xª©ªÀªº¹CÀ¸³W«h¨Óºâ¡A¨º2.2%ªº§Rq²vÀ³¸Ó¥Nªí¯È±i¤Î¶l¸ê¥i¥H¸`¬Ù2.2%¡A©Ò¥H³o2.2%À³¸Ó¦©°£¡A¦Ó¤£¬O²Ö¥[¡C
¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡G1
1
±z±o¦Û¥Ñ¡G