Big6

The Big6™
Developed by Mike Eisenberg and Bob Berkowitz, the Big6 is the most widely known and widely used approach to teaching information and technology skills in the world. Used in thousands of K-12 schools, higher education institutions, and corporate and adult training programs, the Big6 information problem-solving model(解題模式) is applicable whenever people need and use information. The Big6 integrates information search and use skills along with technology tools in a systematic process to find, use, apply, and evaluate information for specific needs and tasks.


Why Big6™?
We all suffer from information overload. There’s just too much "stuff" out there, and it’s not easy to keep up. At the same time, there’s an irony—yes, we are surrounded by information, but we can never seem to find what we want, when we want it, and in a form we want it so that we can use it effectively.

One solution to the information problem—the one that seems to be most often adopted in schools (as well as in business and society in general)—is to speed things up. We try to pack in more and more content, to work faster to get more done. But, this is a losing proposition. Speeding things up can only work for so long. Instead, we need to think about helping students to work smarter, not faster. There is an alternative to speeding things up. It’s the smarter solution—one that helps students develop the skills and understandings they need to find, process, and use information effectively. This smarter solution focuses on process as well as content. Some people call this smarter solution information literacy or information skills instruction. We call it the Big6.

The Big6™ Skills
The Big6 is a process model of how people of all ages solve an information problem. From practice and study, we found that successful information problem-solving encompasses six stages with two sub-stages under each:

1. 認清問題 / 工作 / 目標 (Task Definition)
   
1. 設定所需資料(Define the information problem)
2. 選定所需資料(Identify information needed)
   如：同學的愛好 / 願望
   如：做班刊的步驟及所需資料
2. 搜尋資料的策略(Information Seeking Strategies)
   
1. 商議可取得資料的方法(Determine all possible sources)
   如：訪問、填寫問卷、設意見收集箱
2. 選擇最合適的方法(Select the best sources)
3. 搜尋資料的方法(Location and Access)
   
1. 從何處得資料？(Locate sources (intellectually and physically))
   如：學校、課室、班內同學、圖書館
2. 搜集資料(Find information within sources)
   如：預備問卷，請同學填寫。
4. 運用資料(Use of Information)
   
1. 選取資料 － 聽、看、感覺等(Engage (e.g., read, hear, view, touch))
   如：閱讀同學的問卷
2. 抽取有用的資料(Extract relevant information)
   如：寫下筆記
5. 分析資料(Synthesis)
   
1. 組織、排列有關資料(Organize from multiple sources)
   如：共通之處、特別的地方
2. 展示資料(Present the information)
   如：編排印製班刊、壁報
6. 評估(Evaluation)
   
1. 衡量解決的方法 / 工作的質素是否有效用(Judge the product (effectiveness))
   如：班刊是否受歡迎
2. 工作的過程是否有效率(Judge the process (efficiency))
   如：製作班刊的過程有何改善之處？
   

People go through these Big6 stages—consciously or not—when they seek or apply information to solve a problem or make a decision. It’s not necessary to complete these stages in a linear order, and a given stage doesn’t have to take a lot of time. We have found that in almost all successful problem-solving situations, all stages are addressed.

In addition to considering the Big6 as a process, another useful way to view the Big6 is as a set of basic, essential life skills. These skills can be applied across situations—to school, personal, and work settings. The Big6 Skills are applicable to all subject areas across the full range of grade levels. Students use the Big6 Skills whenever they need information to solve a problem, make a decision, or complete a task.

The Big6 Skills are best learned when integrated with classroom curriculum and activities. Teachers and library media specialists can begin to use the Big6 immediately by:

• Using the Big6 terminology when giving various tasks and assignments
• Talking students through the process for a particular assignment
• Asking key questions and focusing attention on specific Big6 actions to accomplish.

Various computer and information technology skills are integral parts of the Big6 Skills. For example, when students use word processing to compose a letter, that’s Big6 #5, Synthesis. When they search for information on the World Wide Web, that’s Big6 #3, Location & Access. When they use e-mail to discuss an assignment with another student or the teacher, that’s Big6 #1, Task Definition. Using computers can "turbo-boost" students’ abilities.

參考資料

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