Hilaire Fernandes
於輔仁大學圖書資訊學系演講

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主 講者：Hilaire Fernandes
議題：自由軟體校園推廣經驗 談 -- 成敗經驗
連續口譯：
時間：2005/11/9 (三)  13:40-15:30
地點：輔 仁大學文開樓4A

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Hilaire Fernandes 簡介

法國人 Hilaire Fernandes 是 OFSET 創辦人暨理事長, 同時也是 freeduc 計劃與 drgeo 計劃的主持人。 他於 2002 年在 University of Maines 取得碩士學位, 專攻教育工程與人因介面。 他曾任教於臺北法語學校, 教授數學, 程式設計, 自然科學等科目; 也曾擔任程式設計師; 現在任職於法國西南部 Aquitaine 省的教育局。

OFSET 簡介 

Organization for Free Software in Education and Teaching 是一個國際性的非營利組織, 宗旨為向教育界推廣自由軟體。 其成員以法國人為主; 但也包含英國, 義大利, 西班牙, 臺灣等國家。 它底下有許多技術研發專案, 其中的 freeduc-cd 專案曾接受 UNESCO (聯合國教科文組織) 補助, 研發的自由軟體教育光碟由 UNESCO 推薦給中南美洲等國家, 以此低門檻高自由度的方案解決數位落差問題。

輔仁大學交通圖

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校園使用自由軟體 - 成敗經驗

FREE SOFTWARE IN EDUCATION, SUCCESSES AND FAILURES

• 在此之前, 第三者軟體以原碼型式散布
  Until that time third party software was distributed in source code form
• 第三者軟體必須被修訂及共享
  A necessity to fix third party code and share it
• 從此以後, 軟體以二進位方式散布
  However at this time, software started to be distributed in binary only form
• 軟體工程師無法修訂及共享第三者軟體
   A problem for software engineer capable to fix bugs in third party software

• 撰寫完全自由的仿UNIX系統
  Write a complete UNIX clone system totally free
• 使用者可以:
  A system where user can:
1. 與其他使用者共享系統
   share the system with other users
2. 學習該系統
   All the component necessary for an Unix like OS: study the system
3. 修訂及修正該系統
   modify and fix the system
4. 散播修訂或不修訂後的系統
   distribute the system, modified or not

• 確保革努計畫的自由性
  Secure the freeness of the GNU project
• 避免專屬軟體佔盡通用公共授權自由軟體的便宜
  Avoid proprietary software to take advantage of the GPL free software
• 鼓勵研發共同合作
  Encourage the collaboration between developers

• Shell, Bash
  Shell, Bash
• C 編譯器, GCC
  C compiler, GCC
• 除錯器, GDB
  Debugger, GDB
• 編輯器, Emacs
  Editor, Emacs
• 標準 C 語言函式庫, Glib
  Standard C library, Glib 
  

• 1991年, 21歲的Linux Torvald開始撰寫核心
  In 1991, Linus Torvald (21 at this time), started to write a kernel
• 這是革努計畫的重要部份
  It was the missing part of the GNU project
• 與革努計畫合流, 成為革努Linux作業系統
  Merged with the GNU project it forms the GNU-Linux operating system

• 它可以逐步啟動軟體
  It helps to bootstrap it
• 它可以修正錯誤, 並撰寫更多的元件
  They were able to fix bugs and to write additional components

• 快速 Fast
• 可靠 Reliable
• 無病毒 Virus free
• 總結: 沒有困難 To summarise: TROUBLE LESS
• 非常適合不很新的電腦(4年左右)
  It also run very well on not very new computer (4 years old)

• 伺服器端的革努
  LinuxGNU-Linux in the server side
• 桌面端的革努Linux
  GNU-Linux in the workstation side
• 在專屬作業系統下的自由軟體
  Free software with non free OS

• 仿UNIX, 針對網路環境及多程序
  It is an UNIX clone, therefore designed for network and multi-process
• 吸引軟體開發者撰寫跨UNIX的軟體, 如Samba:
  It attracts software developers to write cross-UNIX software like Samba:
1. 可模擬 Microsoft Windows 伺服器
   it is a Microsoft Windows server emulator
2. 不必付費
   without the seat cost
3. 具有極高的客製性
   as usual it is highly customisable to be adapted to the specific needs of the users
4. 文件完整
   it is well documented
5. 網際網路上有很多支援
   there are a lot of support from the Internet

• 將各種解決方案包裝成伺服器端的革努Linux發行版本
  A lot of different solutions were packaged as server side GNU-Linux distribution for school
• 革努Linux在網路網路興起的時候, 扮演重要的角色(至少在法國如此)
  GNU-Linux played an important role in the raise of the Internet age in school (at least in France)
• 與其他自由軟體元件包裝成各種發行版本:
  These distributions were shipped with other free software components as:
1. 代理伺服器及內容管制系統
   proxy & filtering system
2. 使用者管理工具
   user administration tools
3. 列印及檔案共享系統
   print & file sharing system
4. 電子郵件及內部網路服務
   mail and intranet services

• 由法國的地方政府 Haute-Savoie發展及支持, http://www.cg74.fr/www/ [法文]
  Developed and supported by the local government of Haute-Savoie
• 數百個國民中小學、鄉鎮市公所及觀光局共同發展
  Deployed in hundred of primary, junior high schools, town halls, tourism offices
• 由遠端的電腦資源中心管理及更新 - http://www.cri74.org [法文]
  Administered and updated remotely form the computer resource centre
• 適用於網際網路及內部網路伺服器
  An Internet and Intranet server

SLIS 發行版本SLIS distribution

• 法國教育部直接支持的版本
  Directly supported by the French education Office.
• 6,000所國中及高中正式安裝它  - http://eole.orion.education.fr/carte.html
  6000 officially installed servers in junior and senior high schools!
  
• 模組化的伺服器, 從最小的通訊伺服器到完整的內部網路解決方案
  A modular server solution ranging from a minimal communication server to a complete intranet solution

http://www.crdp.ac-caen.fr/se3/

由諾曼地 CRDP 支持, 它是 SCEREN/CNDP 網路的一環, http://www.sceren.fr, 全國性科技與教育資源機構
Supported by the CRDP of Normandy. It is part of the SCEREN/CNDP network -  http://www.sceren.fr -  a national agency related to ICT and pedagogical resources.

• 伺服器集中管理
  Administration of the server is centralised
• 學校層面的管理, 很少或不需要
  No or little local administration at the school level is expected
• 包括多種功能: 網際網路-區域網路路由器的功能, 取代檔案及列印共享服務的 Microsoft Windows 伺服器。
  Cover the same functionalities: at minimum a Internet-LAN router up to a drop-in replacement to a Windows server with file and printing sharing services
• 客戶端仍使用 Microsoft Windows
  Workstations are expected to be Windows ones

• 發行版本的功能祗限固定的領域
  The distributions are designed for a limited scope 
  
• 配合所需的人力資源, 事先仔細規畫
  The deployments are carefully planed, with the assorted needed human resources
• 不需瞭解各校的特殊需求, 安裝的伺服器像是不能打開的黑盒子
  No specific local school knowledge is required, the installed server are like black box which can not be accessed
• 賦予的任務極為有限
  The proposed functionalities are limited
• 沒有擴充的機會, 頂多做軟體的昇級
  Possibilities of extension are low, in most case only software update
• 客戶端仍使用 Microsoft Windows, 使用者沒有被打擾
  The workstations are Windows ones, the user behaviour is not disturbed

• 客戶端的進展是最近的事
  Important progresses in the workstation side in the recent year
• 客戶端使用革努Linux是使用者的大事
  GNU-Linux in the workstation side is a lot of change for the user
• 使用者的支持很重要
  Need appropriate support for the end user

• 革努Linux愈來愈好用
  GNU-Linux is more and more user friendly
• 高科技公司(SUN、IBM、HP、Troll Tech ...)支援革努Linux桌面
  Traditional high tech corporations are supporting the rise of the GNU-Linux desktop (SUN, IBM, HP, Troll Tech,...)
• 出現為學校使用者而設計的發行版本
  New distributions, desktop oriented for schools are emerging

現況
Situation

• 原先祗是波爾多的地區性計畫
  At first a community project from France, Bordeaux
• 精簡客戶伺服器架構, 加上通訊能力
  A thin client server with communication capabilities
• 後來發展成公司型態, 祗提供給採購的伺服器 - http://www.abuledu.com/
  Became a corporate solution provided only through purchased servers
  
• 估計使用者超過30,000人
  Estimate user base around 30000
• 公共機構不支援
  Mostly not supported by the public institution

• 來自挪威的社區型計畫, 現在是 Debian 的一部份
  A community project, emerged from Norway, and now attached to Debian
• 精簡客戶伺服器架構, 加上通訊能力
  A thin client server with communication capabilities
• 141個學校宣稱使用它141 registered schools using it
• 由挪威的若干非政府組織支援
  Supported by some NGO from Norway

• 西班牙的 Extremadura 及 Andalucia 地方政府支持的公共計畫
  Public supported projects by the local governments of Extremadura and Andalucia in Spain.
• 歐洲聯盟也支持
  Supported by the European Union as well
• 不是精簡客戶伺服器架構, 祗是傳統的桌面發行版本
  Not a thin client solution but a classic distribution for desktop
• 西班牙兩個地方政府的學校及公務機關全面配置
  Equip the computer of schools and public offices of these two regions
• 超過 100,000 部電腦安裝它
  Very large deployment, more than 100k computers
• 有份西班牙文的文件分析自由軟體在教育界的應 用, http://observatorio.ofset.org/
  Worth to read http://observatorio.ofset.org, a spanish analysis of the libre software in education

發展方式
Initiative forms

桌面議題
The desktop issue

• 太多桌面系統
  multitude of desktops
• 小型經銷商太多
  tenth of widget vendors
• 瞭解另一個圖形介面, 是使用者的壓力
  there is a lot of stress on the user to understand the different graphic user interface paradigms
• 視應用軟體而定, 儲存檔案可能需要用到8種不同的對話窗
  To save a file, depending on the applications, a user may face 8 different dialog layouts.
• 最糟的是, 革努Linux桌面是地方性的, 難以移殖別地的經驗
  Worst! This problem is endemic to GNU-Linux. Nevertheless, as the Gnome and KDE desktop are emerging as the major desktops for GNU-Linux, it forces for aggregation and attract the developers.

革努Linux桌面的風險
The risks of the GNU-Linux desktop

• 在社會經濟各層面活躍: 企圖控制它的濫招, 不會成功, 即使SCO也不會成功。
  It is playing in a different socio-economic arena: the dirty tricks to control the market do not wok with it.  Even the remoted SCO attempted failed!
• 市場獨佔下的修訂軟體錯誤的機制
  It is a bug fix of the monopoly situation in the market
• 它是自由的, 如同19世紀及20世紀的自由經濟, 自由軟體的適應性及非保守性, 有助於科技的發展
  It is about liberalism! As the economic liberalism has boosted the XIXs and XXs economy, the free software is and will boost ICT because it is adaptive and un-conservative
• IBM、波音、UPS等大型公司, 已經採用它。
  Big players are massively adopting it: IBM, Boeing, UPS,...

• 很多地區已大量採用革努Linux桌面, 應注意這些計畫的發展。
  Several geographic areas are massively adopting the GNU-Linux desktop.  It is interesting to examine the evolution of these projects.
• Ubuntu [給人用的Linux] - http://www.ubuntulinux.org/ 及 Edubuntu [給年青人用的Linux] - http://www.edubuntu.org/, 已進入教育市場。
  Ubuntu and its educational variant Edubuntu enters the education market.
  當 Edubuntu 成熟至 Ubuntu 水準時, 革努Linux桌面就會大量被學校採用。
  If Edubuntu reaches the Ubuntu level of excellence, this distribution will boost the penetration of the GNU-Linux desktop in schools.
• 不過, 教育機構通常很保守, 欠缺內部的競爭機制, 所以改變很緩慢。
  Nevertheless, the educational institutions are very often conservative - lack of internal competences on the matter - so the shift will be slow.