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¦U¦ì¡A«D±`ÁÂÁÂNicholas Negroponte¡I

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§Ú·Q¡AÀ³¸Ó´N¬O¦UºØ¦U¼Ë¤¤¤åªº¶}©ñª¾Ãѧa...

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,890
And welcome to the emerging technologies conference.

2
00:00:03,890 --> 00:00:12,420
Here at MIT, over the next two days you will see dozens of the most exciting emerging technologies.

3
00:00:12,420 --> 00:00:17,510
And a ---- speakers will explain you why they matter.

4
00:00:17,510 --> 00:00:22,440
I hope there'll be a great deal of informed if vigorous debates.

5
00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:30,370
I would like just to begin by thanking our partners and sponsors, the government of Spain and Alexandra

6
00:00:30,370 --> 00:00:34,680
And Penton who helps us put on this conference every year.

7
00:00:34,680 --> 00:00:43,070
I actually won't be your master ceremony for the next two days. That job is our editor-at-large huh Bob Duderic

8
00:00:43,070 --> 00:00:47,070
And I am going to hand it to Bob who tell you ----.

9
00:00:47,070 --> 00:00:57,590
So thank you all very much for coming and I hope you'll have a great of them. Thank you.

10
00:00:57,590 --> 00:01:02,000
Thank you thank you Jason and welcome again to all of you.

11
00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:08,390
We really appreciate to coming out we think we have a great two days for you.

12
00:01:08,390 --> 00:01:15,450
As you know when we explore emerging technologies, it's not just about the new technologies that are coming down the pike.

13
00:01:15,450 --> 00:01:21,480
But why they matter and how they affect business, society, and Personal lives.

14
00:01:21,480 --> 00:01:26,970
And the United States specially has succeeded so well in the past years, for decades.

15
00:01:26,970 --> 00:01:40,140
Because of the incredible mix of this innovation machine from venture capital to start-up opportunities to education system to big companies to the government as well.

16
00:01:40,140 --> 00:01:45,620
And all these views enroll to the represented of these two days.

17
00:01:45,620 --> 00:01:56,470
So to start things off... We are going to introduce our first speaker Nicolas Negroponte, who has played a pioneering role himself in the Digital Age.

18
00:01:56,470 --> 00:02:10,950
The founding chairman of the MIT media lab that began earlier investigation of the things like digital graphics, personalized news, types of interfaces such as voice or gesture recognition.

19
00:02:10,950 --> 00:02:19,150
And a wealth of areas that has been copied down, built on and hence literally around the world.

20
00:02:19,150 --> 00:02:29,930
Now Nicolas has applied his energies to bring a Digital Age to emerging nations with his 100$ laptop project.

21
00:02:29,930 --> 00:02:36,780
When I contacted him to ask him to come speaking he said it was perhaps the most important thing he has worked on in his life.

22
00:02:36,780 --> 00:02:48,420
So without further deal, let me bring up Nicolas Negroponte. 

23
00:02:48,420 --> 00:02:50,030
OK Thank you

24
00:02:50,030 --> 00:02:54,950
Uh it is the most important thing I have ever done in my life.

25
00:02:54,950 --> 00:03:07,000
It's also the first project in my life where the elevator story is 20 seconds. Uh the reception it's received worldwide has been absolutely incredible.

26
00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:10,130
And the press has…there hasn't been one bad word.

27
00:03:10,130 --> 00:03:15,340
So if there's any press in this room may be you can keep it that way.

28
00:03:15,340 --> 00:03:20,330
The idea is simple and it's to look at education.

29
00:03:20,330 --> 00:03:23,690
This is an education project not a laptop project.

30
00:03:23,690 --> 00:03:27,030
And the reason why we interested in education is quite simple.

31
00:03:27,030 --> 00:03:39,690
Not just because we are education institution but because if you take any world problem, any issue on the planet, the big ones, peace, environment, poverty.

32
00:03:39,690 --> 00:03:48,790
The solution to that problem certainly includes education, could even be just education.

33
00:03:48,790 --> 00:03:53,710
And if you have a solution that doesn't include education it's not a solution at all.

34
00:03:53,710 --> 00:04:10,980
So it really is about education and our working primary assumption is that if we can, you know, make education better particularly primary and secondly school, which is not social education.

35
00:04:10,980 --> 00:04:13,820
The place will be a better world.

36
00:04:13,820 --> 00:04:25,550
And the second assumption is just a technology conference is that in emerging nations, not emerging technologies, it’s emerging nations.

37
00:04:25,550 --> 00:04:34,580
The issue is not connectivity, and I say that because most people think it is the issue and write and state that that is the issue.

38
00:04:34,580 --> 00:04:38,780
It was the issue, uh it is not a solved problem.

39
00:04:38,780 --> 00:04:47,100
But there are many people and many systems working on it: WIFI, WI-MAX, 2PRS, 3G, 4G, fiber, and about and on and on and on.

40
00:04:47,100 --> 00:04:53,680
And you can complain about one, you can make it go faster, you can say this is better, you can do that.

41
00:04:53,680 --> 00:05:00,170
But there are so many people working on it, and so many things happening, the regulator regimes are changing.

42
00:05:00,170 --> 00:05:07,360
There is global competitiveness here, as well as local interest and building from the bottom up.

43
00:05:07,360 --> 00:05:12,620
That it's happening, it doesn't need me, it doesn't need MIT, it doesn't need Media lab.

44
00:05:12,620 --> 00:05:17,780
But for education the road block is the laptop.

45
00:05:17,780 --> 00:05:19,760
And so that's the story I want to tell you.

46
00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:30,860
And I will use roughly 30 minutes or more to tell you the story, then open it up for questions for about ten minutes after that.

47
00:05:30,860 --> 00:05:33,030
We are going to start by putting in the context.

48
00:05:33,030 --> 00:05:40,660
A lot of people who suddenly decide that they want to help the developing world do it because they got to a certain age.

49
00:05:40,660 --> 00:05:49,710
They decide this is the ethic ---- and proceed. There is something wrong with that so I want establish in the beginning.

50
00:05:49,710 --> 00:05:53,390
This is something that we've been doing for over 30 years.

51
00:05:53,390 --> 00:06:02,450
And never in my life, I shouldn't admit this perhaps, have I ever made a PowerPoint

52
00:06:02,450 --> 00:06:04,830
In fact I have ridiculed PowerPoint.

53
00:06:04,830 --> 00:06:12,840
I have ridiculed them for people shoe PowerPoint there's a little people dancing and pulling words across the screen and sit there and for nuts to advance it.

54
00:06:12,840 --> 00:06:22,480
And then you go to big cooperation. I sat on a board of Motorola enfold in this closure because I'll talk about communication.

55
00:06:22,480 --> 00:06:30,040
And I see a PowerPoint and I realized at the board when we see a PowerPoint there were probably 35 Power Points before that.

56
00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:37,320
So this one made that one made that one made that what I said may be the world will be more efficient without PowerPoint

57
00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:46,740
So when we made what we never use it didn't read the manual or so is this all blows up, it's just my naiveness

58
00:06:46,740 --> 00:06:55,470
But what I'll do is start and we now need to bring the image from the laptop to the screen. (see the picture)

59
00:06:55,470 --> 00:07:13,200
This goes back to uh, you let me really go back, April 11th 1970, was when Seymour Papert delivered the speech here at MIT to audience likely larger than this one called "Teaching Children Thinking".

60
00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:25,190
And it was the beginning of the program most of you probably know, logo the beginning of the efforts to work on understanding how children learn.

61
00:07:25,190 --> 00:07:34,220
And the first time we did this in a developing country was in Santiago which is pictured here 1983.

62
00:07:34,220 --> 00:07:41,420
And Steve Jobs gave me a couple of hundred of laptops we put in schools outside of the car.

63
00:07:41,420 --> 00:07:43,490
Now you might be interested in the next one.

64
00:07:43,490 --> 00:07:55,140
This is Seymour 23 years ago, those of you who know him, when we started this the IBM PC did not even exit.

65
00:07:55,140 --> 00:08:03,670
What we learned back then is the kids even in the most remote parts of the world take the computer like fish to the water.

66
00:08:03,670 --> 00:08:05,050
That wasn't the issue.

67
00:08:05,050 --> 00:08:15,350
And this didn't scale really, we didn't follows through, but we then started working in Costa Rica starting in 1988.

68
00:08:15,350 --> 00:08:18,320
Costas Arias was the president of the country

69
00:08:18,320 --> 00:08:28,150
It was part of his platform, Seymour works closely with him and with people in Costa Rica they created teaching sort of centers that helped the teachers.

70
00:08:28,150 --> 00:08:30,630
Some teachers can hear at MIT.

71
00:08:30,630 --> 00:08:36,110
If you were the poster-child of computer in development, it's Costa Rica.

72
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If you want to look at the best in class, the longest in class, it's Costa Rica

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Now you also can look at Costa Rica today with 51 percent (actually maybe more)

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It's over 50 percent of their export integrated circuits bananas and coffee combined are less

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And it's really changed the country what didn't happen is it didn't scale out.

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In another words it didn't have an effect even on neighboring country, to be honest.

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So after that we did little working in Kashmir

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This is trying to connect the two sides of Kashmir, India and Pakistan using four years ago, some very long distance.

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WIFI that was going to connect schools, and then the next two slides are the ones that affected nethermost in the… since in the year 1999 when money was growing on trees.

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And my wife and I built a couple of schools in Cambodia for reasons to long to explain (I have no personal connection to the country).

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But we built these schools in villages that have no electricity, no water, no television, not telephone.

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And one of the two villages doesn’t even have a road.

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When we went last August we couldn't get there.

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And I'm talking about last August not 1999, we couldn't get there.

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So the point being this is really remote, average income of this village is 47 dollars per year.

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And when we built these schools we thought we just built the school and move on, but we didn't.

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Our son of that time was unemployed and I said if you can suffer the indignity of working for your dad, want if you go, and spend time and set this up in Cambodia.

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You might see a satellite station in the back, connected to the Shino Watro satellite has roughly had the megabit each way.

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And because there's no power, you got to put in the generators.

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Laptop is power efficient, which is why we use laptops.

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This is why we use laptops. And a funny thing happened we told the kids to take the laptops home

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Because we have WIFI in the village, it didn't need power at home with a couples of hours, three hours of battery at least.

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And the first night they came home, they came back and not one kid opened the laptop.

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And so when I asked why, they said "our parents wouldn't allow us to open the laptop because we might break it".

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And so we sort of say "no, it's not breakable, you have to been used it in school for goodness sake. Bring it home and here is a little sign document says that you are not responsible."

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Not even the parents could even read the document, but at least when they went home and they all opened it.

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And the parents loved it.

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And the reason the parents loved it among the others was this is the brightest light source in the house.

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Ok, this is a one-room house, you everything in one room, everybody sleeps in one room, they are stoves, you do the cooking under the house.

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And when the kid opened the laptop illuminated the room.

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So talk about working on metaphors and real things at the same time that was pretty extraordinary.

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The other thing that happens in this particular project is the first year we did it; the first year we put in the laptops such as now, it was soon before years ago.

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We put in the laptops after the first three years, 1 laptop at 50 broke.

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Who say why is that true?

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By the way the other piece of data is that a hundred percent of the AC adaptors broke. OK, but only one laptop broke.

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And why is that is because of our ownership, and the kids polish them and treat them like sort of a new bicycle.

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Some of them got their sisters to make little bags for them and they certainly didn't get broken.

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One last piece of background in the year 2002, Seymour Papert persuaded the state of Maine to adopt legislation, others were involved or just Seymour

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But Angus King was the governor of the state that time, and the state adopted law pasted, one laptop per child.

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And by law and Maine kids get a laptop free form the government as part of their education has been in sort of middle school, going up and down.

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And I don't know the exact statistics but it's certainly most of the students at this point.

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So what we said since communications isn't the problem can we make that laptop cost a hundred dollars?

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And to do that the first innovation was to create something called "the one laptop per child", a well PC execute the "per child" than "PC", sort of ambiguous.

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The issue here is that by being a non-profit, the alignment of your board of directors is perfect.

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Think about it.

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I will use Motorola as an example, if somebody makes a ten dollars advance in technology by that I mean 

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It's the same quality or better quality can be had for ten dollars less in the final handset, who get the ten dollars?

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Well, that's easy. My fiduciary, my legal responsibility is for the share holder

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Now we may not give all the ten dollars to the share holder.

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We might use two of those dollars to lower the price to compete with Nokia.

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We might use two of the dollars to fund more research to get more innovations in the future.

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But it's all about profit margins, that is the fiduciary's responsibility.

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It's not a religion versus another religion, that is what you do, that's what the law says, that's what the whole point is.

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So by creating a non-profit as soon as, in this case a non-profit association.

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As soon as we make a ten dollar breakthrough namely we can save ten dollars though some technological invents, guess who to get the ten dollars?

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The kids.

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It becomes the ninety-dollar-laptop, then the eighty-dollar-laptop, then the seventy, sixty and fifty.

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And one thing that we have told our government is our price will float.

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I’m gonna grantee it's a hundred, maybe a hundred and fifteen the first time.

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So we get, it's going to float, you’re going to get that cost and whatever the price is hereafter it's going down, not up.

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It's gonna go down.

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And that's part of the structure and it's really very very important.

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Scale is important but not just for the obvious reasons, not just because you can buy… you know, one million components for less you can buy a hundred or a hundred thousand.

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Scale is important because of mind set and attitude and share.

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I go, I leave the companies nameless but god this is happen many times, I go to a company.

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And I say we really want you to work on this problem, the low end, the small size, the…

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They say, no, it's not on my roadmap.

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We’re all interested in that, we want in the case of this place, we want the living room.

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The case of this, so we want two hundred gigabytes disks of the sizes of a penny

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I can take any of the technologies that they use in laptop

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And get the same response, the strategy, the direction of the company is into bigger ,better, smaller…

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Into I come in and say, I don't care how big it is, I really want very few in the case of disks, very few bits.

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And I need very low cost, it's not on their roadmap and so you are immediately dismissed.

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And you say "oh, gee, that's too bad because I need two hundred million units."

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Then they say "oh wait, wait a minute."

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"May be that can be part of my strategy, and so what happens is scale gets through strategy, not just component cause."

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I put free there meaning that the country, country that gives it to the kids free.

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I made a presentation the other day, and somebody questioned that and I realized that I'd never said it

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So I put a note on myself and the last is we need cooperate partners to get started to launch and to launch the design, to launch to work, to get office out of there, get moving.

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And the cooperate sponsors are very important to us, they happen to be Google, AMD, News Corp, Red Hat and Bright Star, and there are three more lurking.

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What those eight do is putting in a sufficient amount of money, 25 percent is at MIT, 75 percent is at the one laptop per child.

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Non-profit association and this bring it to life.

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And then the countries pay in advance for a million units per country to actually get the scale and momentum gone.

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And that's really an important piece to the puzzle.

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Now let me tell you a bit about it. Actually you know when you use PowerPoint, you can…

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You know I always get worry about senility and I always used to give all of my speeches impromptuously

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And I say what happens to you to get senior moments, well a PowerPoint is for the senior moment.

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And so that's what I'm supposed to tell you.

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I was told (I' m not going to leave names out) but because of my age and what I've been doing sort of know all these people.

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I've known them since their childhood.

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And one of them said it is impossible which impossible at MIT it's a cold work for do it.

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And so we decide to do it ourselves. Laptop economics are interesting.

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Very quickly and broad brush, fifty percent of the cost of the laptop, sorry fifty percent of the price of the laptop is sells marketing distribution profit those things.

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We have none of that.

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So all we looking at the other fifty percent, to break it into two parts, the display and everything else.

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The display is where the media labs technology and some new faculty Marylu Jackson, particular who joined the faculty in January and who is the chief technology official of OLPC at the moment.

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She was the CTO of the Intel's display division before that.

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And so a lot of expertise to bring the cost down to 35 dollars

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And I will tell you about the display at the moment.

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And the rest of your laptop, I am sorry to say is at least 75 percent there to support the weight of the operating system.

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What's happened is our software not just picking on Microsoft

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This is true for Adobe; it's true for all software (sorry if you in the room) everybody who makes the software invariably and inextricably is worse than the previous one.

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And why is that true because people sit around the room chat like that this feature let's say that feature.

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So now I got you just try load a PDF and you're sitting with the three gigahertz machines waiting and waiting and waiting.

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What's wrong with these people? Let's gotten so fat, so slow and so unreliable.

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So what are we do? We start over and skin it down and even skinning Linux, and skinning open source.

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And that wipes out 75 percent of the cost of the rest of the cost of the machine.

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And it gives you a faster uh….a faster user experience.

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The dual mode display is simply one that works like any, like a DVD player, full color, sort of small 7.5 inch screen, transmissive display in one mode.

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But in the second mode, this is kind of the cute and perhaps technical key here in mode No.2 is what you scroll or switch software doesn't matter.

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In mode No.2, it's black and white 4 ex resolution reflective sunlight readable display.

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The kids and take it into the sun and read it like a book uses very little power

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And that by having the dual mode, you've got something that is both an electronic book and a laptop.

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And that key, now to explain why later, obviously have to be robust, and our case has to be windup, many of the place don't have power, USB’s and the rest.

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OK, it’s just another advantage of PowerPoint, you don't have to say things.  Sometimes you can read it in PowerPoints.

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Parallel open source unequivocally and open means many different things

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People probably in the room, some of you know a lot more about it than I do.

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I use the Wikipedia. How many people in this room use the Wikipedia? I am expected.

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But the fact is only about 50 percent of the hands makes you better than most audiences

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But those of you who are part of the fifty percent who didn't raise your hand

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Please this evening, that's to spelling up there, go to Wikipedia.

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It's an amazing phenomenon.

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It's by far the best encyclopedia on the planet and getting better and better open source in a different way.

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It's the readers who make the entries, it is so fresh so current that you go look up yourself your probably in it.

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And you find things that refer to you, things you've done three week ago.

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So it's quite an extraordinary phenomenon.

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So the Wikipedia is really important to us.

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Mesh network is simply the idea that each laptop when you open it up

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It's a node in a mesh, it is not just WIFI going to an AX’s point or going back to a WIMAX tower.

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I knew the reason I didn't want to put this in my pocket but I was being dutiful and obeying when asked.  So, let me move it.

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And I put it to this pocket. Here we go. Ok.

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The mesh network means we have one on campus one of the first ever installed is one that we help design and Taipei that has ten thousand nodes blanking the entire city

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Where each point communicates with its neighbors, they communicate with their neighbors, and the way you communicate 

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Let's say this person in front to that is signal works this way, and each cell phone, our laptops, the router , become a mesh.

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So when the kids open up their laptop there’re mesh, they create a network where network doesn't exist

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And more importantly just one or two of the laptops need to go back to the backbone and all the kids are connected.

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And it's amazing if you do a synchronous kind of application, where there is e-mail, web browsing and so on.

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Two megabits can serve a thousand kids hands down, if you got two megabits for a thousand kids you are in great shape.

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This way, you are not in such a great shape, the other ways you are certainly not in terrific shape if you start downloading video.

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Great markets are big deal to us.

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I don't want to take the time to tell you how we are solving it completely.

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But it's the case; it's not just when you ship a thousand machines into a country that five hundred disappear in customs.

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That's one kind of great market, the other kind where people steal them and that's the second one.

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So one it's the hardest for me is for example in Brazil and other country where there's a program with the government provides shoes to the kids.

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The parents take the shoes, sell the shoes and the kid goes to school bear foot anyway

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And that's the great market we want to address.

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And one way to address it is to have no market to buy them and to fill that market in different ways which we plan to do both.

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And also to have a machine that so distinctive in it's only in the education channels, it’s only given by the government

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And it's only made available to the kids and primary secondary school.

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It become a little bit like stealing a post office truck. I mean how many people drive around in black market post office trucks.

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They don't or even black market military jeeps they just stolen because they kind of look like jeeps.

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Now maybe in some country there are military jeeps on the black market but the point being that is not distinctive enough.

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You can do it and that's why I want to tell you a little bit of about the design of it, having a parallel commercial channel is also important.

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And we will do that, we will license or give it to a third party to make available commercially.

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Maybe it become available commercially at two hundred dollars.

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And that will happen then you maybe might to see 20 or 30 dollars of them come back to OLPC to make the kids' laptop cost 70 or 80 dollars.

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So you can have across a substitute system, since this is all being worked out at the moment

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Design is important, a lot of people who make low-end product think

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Low-end is not just cheap but it's got to look cheap and so on.  We certainly don't, it's inherent in the media lab but I think it's also a good one.

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So this is the current design with the current thinking I will show you a few slide.

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The windup laptop. it does… you can set that crank slips out and details can slip in.

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You can replace the crank with an AC adapter.

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But the point is it's a laptop but it can be including WIFI, run through cranking.

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I receive this image at midnight last night from Design Continuum who are the designers of this machine.

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They have done an extraordinary job, unbelievable job and this particular version you may not be able to see it.

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When you close it it's sort of hermetically seals, because these machines will probably, not definitely, be made of rubber.

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And they have to be absolutely indestructible.

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When you close the machine the cylinder that has all the power, power management, as well as the power

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Is the handle you have lot of space to personalize that.  Here is one little skimp

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Uh, I'm sorry we didn't overnight have little lines like you could get on this…

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This class notebook you could put on your name because we think we might engrave each kids' name on their laptop.

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And I don't want you from the image to think we have a sign deal with United Nations.

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We have a Memorandum of Understanding in process we are talking to every entity in the United Nations, and so we are but I don't want that to, somebody in the press to say, we have a UN machine.

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I just couldn't, this was done and I think we are going in this direction we don't have it yet.

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Laptop works in multiple modes, I said e-book, as well as a laptop that's absolutely important.

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There are other ways of using it, it will have… you can use it like a tablet, you can use it for calligraphy.

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Or you can set it up so it’s basically a TV set.

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And it's…in that regard a com-media

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One of the cutest details is that the AC cord is the strap, and the strap has not only the AC power cord but the AC adaptor in it

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And of course there’re multiple things. So we can imagine all sorts of…

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Third party markets growing up around it, you may have seen 4 USB ports, that's very important.

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And the idea of having different ways of generating power one I don't know if it was Ted Celkor himself, who’s one of the students of the media lab

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Had proposed the system where the crank comes out the side and you rap a string around it then hang a heavy stone on the string.

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And it works like cuckoo clock, and it’s that the stone goes dropping down slowly.

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It's powered when pull the line and bring it up again and down it goes.... of course yo have to anchor the other side of the laptop down to the table

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But there are many ways to generating power and using a heavy stone is certainly one of them.

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Now how we rolling this out?

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It's very… again the number have to be big the beta units will be a number like five to fifteen million

259
00:30:19,530 --> 00:30:29,560
And maybe beta is the right word; it's the sort of the first large numbers that would come out roughly a year from now.

260
00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:38,250
We have five countries: China, Brazil, Thailand, Egypt and South Africa.

261
00:30:38,250 --> 00:30:42,820
South Africa is the least developed at the moment.

262
00:30:42,820 --> 00:30:51,300
Brazil is the most developed at the moment, and Brazil is not only the most developing the most advanced in this area.

263
00:30:51,300 --> 00:30:59,190
It's the one that in many ways the most compactable, its culture is the bottom of culture, its culture is one that really…

264
00:30:59,190 --> 00:31:04,170
I mean come on if you can do the samba you need the laptop. Ok, they go together.

265
00:31:04,170 --> 00:31:16,820
And so we picked very big countries and China… China is difficult to deal with on the other hand, there’re two hundred and twenty million students in primary and secondary school in China

266
00:31:16,820 --> 00:31:24,460
Over fifty percent of the kids in primary and secondary school on the whole planet are in China and India

267
00:31:24,460 --> 00:31:31,030
So you can't do it without India, we haven't start dealing with India at the moment, but china, Brazil, Thailand

268
00:31:31,030 --> 00:31:36,350
Thailand is so excited, Tuxon Shinowatra wanted to give me a purchase order at lunch.

269
00:31:36,350 --> 00:31:42,160
And I said "Tuxon, don't, wait till November 17th, look at the machines, see if you like it."

270
00:31:42,160 --> 00:31:53,250
"See if we’re credible. you trust me, but you know, who would read the bill a hundred million units. Now we have the people to do that, but see at first."

271
00:31:53,250 --> 00:32:01,260
So November 17th that's the world summit for the information society in Tunis, we were launched with what we called "tethered prototype".

272
00:32:01,260 --> 00:32:12,830
So it be a prototype similar to the images you saw before with real screens, real keyboards and the processors may be under the table to drive and then the debug the use interface and so on.

273
00:32:12,830 --> 00:32:22,420
By year 2,I mean 12 months after launch, so year two, Maybe December of 2007, but then to shot for one hundred to a hundred and fifty million units.

274
00:32:22,420 --> 00:32:32,580
Now we are not necessarily going to make them all but just put that number in context the world’s production of laptops today is at the end of this year, will not quite hit fifty million.

275
00:32:32,580 --> 00:32:39,340
So we are talking about in year two three times the current world production of laptops.

276
00:32:39,340 --> 00:32:45,000
Admittedly they are hundred dollar laptops, there are not thousand dollar or two thousand dollar laptops.

277
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:59,090
I want to…sort of close and get toward the end here with the ten minutes so maybe even fifteen as promise to talk about sort of the future, because MIT is about the futures.

278
00:32:59,090 --> 00:33:09,700
And some of the people in the lab say, they mean, Nicolas this is a media lab stuff, you know, this is manufacturing, this is supply chain this is

279
00:33:09,700 --> 00:33:18,220
You know getting the price down, it's not inventing the future. Well, it's the tool, it's the Wikipedia equivalent.

280
00:33:18,220 --> 00:33:29,500
May be it’s inventing in the future in the sense, that is 5 hundred or 8 hundred million kids now have this kind of access, then you will be helping invention itself.

281
00:33:29,500 --> 00:33:37,690
But we still in parallel work not only on the content side of it, which we haven't even talked about, but also some futures.

282
00:33:37,690 --> 00:33:44,450
But the content side is an interesting discussion because you can say well it’s Wikipedia type things.

283
00:33:44,450 --> 00:33:50,700
You know, each country will do it and that's actually a perfect good answer, and that align share the answer.

284
00:33:50,700 --> 00:34:01,060
But there's the life work that Seymour Pepert, Allen K, Mitch Resnick, all the rumors on this team who will use this as a platform for the work they are doing

285
00:34:01,060 --> 00:34:08,600
If you know SQUICK, it will be on there; it will be running. If you know SCRATCH, by as on its names, it will be in there, it will be running.

286
00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:19,370
But it's not content in the sense somebody's written a book like a encyclopedia, it's the tools that the kids use to be inventive, to be creative and so on.

287
00:34:19,370 --> 00:34:26,830
So in the hardware side we certainly were work with printed and flexible displays

288
00:34:26,830 --> 00:34:34,390
I will show you my favorite it may not be the one is used but that's my favorite, because it is invented in the media lab

289
00:34:34,390 --> 00:34:39,980
And that is the built; a display that is not only flexible and flat.

290
00:34:39,980 --> 00:34:44,710
In this case a target of 10 cents per square - inch.

291
00:34:44,710 --> 00:34:47,060
But they can be printed.

292
00:34:47,060 --> 00:34:49,410
Use rolls/rollers printing.

293
00:34:49,410 --> 00:34:57,110
Eh, print in there you know most like set of red, green, blue or magenta, cyan, yellow and black

294
00:34:57,110 --> 00:35:05,090
And doing that kind of either additive or subtractive printing that we know from the world today copies and printing presses

295
00:35:05,090 --> 00:35:18,800
Here print electronics you print displays, if you haven't seen e-ink display, it's absolutely fantastic. I bring it with me, and show it again to heads of the states, and they’re knocked over.

296
00:35:18,800 --> 00:35:26,660
Now I'm walking around of the only… I don't have it with me this morning, but I walked around with one of the only 10 inch panels from the planet.

297
00:35:26,660 --> 00:35:35,790
And e-ink the company which I have no involvement, but it’s been out of the Media lab is willing to let me have it and sort of once a couple of weeks.

298
00:35:35,790 --> 00:35:41,340
I sent another photograph of the head of a state holding it, which can ends up in their lobby.

299
00:35:41,340 --> 00:35:48,840
And as long as I can do that, once or twice or three times a month, then they are happy to let me keep this prototype which is quite precious.

300
00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:58,130
But it’s the direction we’re going, and it's important because there’s no power consumption when the page is displayed. It’s a bi-stable display

301
00:35:58,130 --> 00:36:02,020
And to change that display takes very little…

302
00:36:02,020 --> 00:36:12,960
Our target in the crank, this is a question often asked, is to have a ten to one ratio; crank for one minute you get ten minutes of use.

303
00:36:12,960 --> 00:36:21,560
And we certainly can do that, remembers to dual mode display we can do that for the e-book mode, not clear we can do it for the DVD mode.  We are working on.

304
00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:29,540
With e-ink, we will have a hundred to one crank ratio, crank for one minute, you will get a hundred minute

305
00:36:29,540 --> 00:36:40,900
In the power consumption, it’s absolutely critical, we are working on this in parallel and then lastly we are working in parallel on a project.

306
00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:49,840
The museum of modern arts in New York has agreed to help us curate– their word for research is curate

307
00:36:49,840 --> 00:37:02,540
To curate it and Rebecca Allen is leading that project while she's got thirteen household name designers looking at this as a future product.

308
00:37:02,540 --> 00:37:12,920
This is Hartman Esinger, he is not one of the thirteen in the list but I show this because it was printed in the New York Times about ten months ago.

309
00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:21,860
As a future laptop on the single printed sheet and I think his vision of that at least what he showed is pretty good.

310
00:37:21,860 --> 00:37:32,750
And I think with that I will stop one and go to questions because in many ways questions are always more important.

311
00:37:32,750 --> 00:37:46,500
Even with notes and even with PowerPoints, I will never get you know get everything out and question in this room unfortunately requires a guest to stand up and walks to the microphone.

312
00:37:46,500 --> 00:37:55,400
Which intimidate usually 90 percent of the people but doesn't intimidate Stewart Brand, it never has…

313
00:37:55,400 --> 00:37:59,710
So, go ahead.

314
00:37:59,710 --> 00:38:02,020
Hello, ------- from ZDNet Palm.

315
00:38:02,020 --> 00:38:10,830
Recently there has been a crack down in countries like China, on free expression to distribute respect to blogging

316
00:38:10,830 --> 00:38:23,700
So you know how do you feel personally I guess about the fact you maybe...that you get this effect on your foot that essentially equips children with the tools of freedom.

317
00:38:23,700 --> 00:38:33,790
But that ultimately the power of that platform is suppressed by the government that having the technology out in the first place.

318
00:38:33,790 --> 00:38:41,340
It's just to rephrase your question a little bit; the power they tried to suppress is probably the quite phrasing.

319
00:38:41,340 --> 00:38:53,140
I am very honest not just with the Chinese, but with every head of states, and I say we are selling you as an idea a Trojan horse.

320
00:38:53,140 --> 00:38:57,440
And I can tell you about the outside of the Trojan horse or the inside of the Trojan horse.

321
00:38:57,440 --> 00:39:00,160
And he said we don't want to know about the inside. Ok, that's fine.

322
00:39:00,160 --> 00:39:03,820
But the Trojan horse in the form of an e-book so we…

323
00:39:03,820 --> 00:39:12,530
In China, I’ve been there for six weeks; they spend nineteen dollars per year per child on textbooks.

324
00:39:12,530 --> 00:39:15,670
So I said to the minister of the education it is a piece of cake.

325
00:39:15,670 --> 00:39:24,430
We will deliver this as a textbook with the textbook in it, and you amortize it over 5 years and it's twenty dollars. 

326
00:39:24,430 --> 00:39:32,340
Ok, so it makes twenty two if you want to charge some interest or twenty five may be.  This can go through the textbook channel.

327
00:39:32,340 --> 00:39:37,350
In Brazil the federal government pays for textbooks for all the kids, so they already doing that.

328
00:39:37,350 --> 00:39:47,500
So goes to the textbooks channel and textbooks to textbooks. Now, all I am saying is that I avoid your question because then the kids will do that.

329
00:39:47,500 --> 00:39:52,640
That's the inside of the Trojan horse and I believe what happen I know it will happen.

330
00:39:52,640 --> 00:39:54,210
That's how we manage it.

331
00:39:54,210 --> 00:39:54,740
Stewart.

332
00:39:54,740 --> 00:40:01,430
Hi Nicolas, saw these years you've been researcher, now you are a developer.

333
00:40:01,430 --> 00:40:06,680
Media lab is ---- for not to develop the things because that’s a corporeal sponsor’s for.

334
00:40:06,680 --> 00:40:14,370
You probably saw things well develop and badly developed from research your product the media lab’s product

335
00:40:14,370 --> 00:40:18,140
Now you are on the other side of that fence, how does it?

336
00:40:18,140 --> 00:40:23,550
Please note that I’m not on the other side of the fence, and actually on the fence.

337
00:40:23,550 --> 00:40:26,170
Ok, and that makes it so makes it so interesting.

338
00:40:26,170 --> 00:40:30,950
By being on the fence, we can be both.

339
00:40:30,950 --> 00:40:34,750
And we are not releasing a commercial machine.

340
00:40:34,750 --> 00:40:40,500
Government wouldn't talk to me, if I’m just putting out a commercial machine.

341
00:40:40,500 --> 00:40:49,090
I didn't mention that last Thursday the governor of Massachusetts announced legislation for one laptop per child.

342
00:40:49,090 --> 00:41:02,110
And I was standing beside him when he made the announcement had this pressed.  It was on hour long.  And I was standing, there’s my physical model of our laptop, to show what we are doing at MIT

343
00:41:02,110 --> 00:41:08,800
Michael Dell cannot by the law be standing beside the governor of Massachusetts at that press conference.

344
00:41:08,800 --> 00:41:15,980
By being a non-profit, by being on both sides of the fence and by doing this for that particular channel.

345
00:41:15,980 --> 00:41:23,990
And saying the commercial one, if it's Dell, The Novel, Apple, Microsoft whomever brings the other one to market.

346
00:41:23,990 --> 00:41:30,040
Be my guest to figure it out or figure out the relationship but I am not the developer in that sense

347
00:41:30,040 --> 00:41:34,650
And it's very important, but we are on the fence first as one side.

348
00:41:34,650 --> 00:41:44,620
Eh, US education in the cities could be used this kind of typical technologies

349
00:41:44,620 --> 00:41:57,580
But how do we break through the… what we call the education Mafia in terms of public education and down into the teaching in the classrooms themselves.

350
00:41:57,580 --> 00:42:07,890
Where the teachers themselves are gonna have be brought into the use of this as a tool?

351
00:42:07,890 --> 00:42:13,840
Well, our experience in United States is from the state of Maine.

352
00:42:13,840 --> 00:42:21,760
And in 2002 the state of Maine adopted this, it certainly was controversial and there were a lot of debates.

353
00:42:21,760 --> 00:42:29,640
A lot of people fighting against this including people from the education world in Maine, teachers…

354
00:42:29,640 --> 00:42:39,980
So, and you had teachers who were against this, teachers who were apprehensive, and teachers who love it, the way kind of these things, you would expect them to be.

355
00:42:39,980 --> 00:42:45,220
As soon as the laptop starting going through schools two things happen.

356
00:42:45,220 --> 00:42:56,610
One is that not one single person went from being enthusiastic the other way, not one.

357
00:42:56,610 --> 00:43:05,030
And many if not all have gone to this enthusiastic side of the equation, that really is quite important, we haven't had any defectors.

358
00:43:05,030 --> 00:43:10,880
And everybody has really sort of migrated to our side of the equation.

359
00:43:10,880 --> 00:43:15,720
But the second, much more powerful I think, result has three parts.

360
00:43:15,720 --> 00:43:21,670
One is truancy drops to almost zero, I don't know where the real number, it has been dropped, plummeted.

361
00:43:21,670 --> 00:43:25,100
PTA meeting the attendance sky rocketed.

362
00:43:25,100 --> 00:43:31,710
Ok, and perhaps the most important, kids' participation in the classroom got better and better and better

363
00:43:31,710 --> 00:43:37,270
It's nothing to do with the laptop as shush, It's the influence of the whole program.

364
00:43:37,270 --> 00:43:44,620
So I think that the naysayer in fact affected the governor announcer remember we are republic governor and democratic state.

365
00:43:44,620 --> 00:43:49,110
So the press like, you knows can sit there eat them up no matter what you says.

366
00:43:49,110 --> 00:43:56,790
But on the other hand you know it still be very optimistic even the Massachusetts, because the next day in the newspaper.

367
00:43:56,790 --> 00:44:01,690
There was somebody from the teachers' union who said "you know who need this? We need more teachers."

368
00:44:01,690 --> 00:44:08,800
Well it turns out it costs a lot more to add more teachers and I think its effect is a lot less.

369
00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:18,430
By having the laptops the kids suddenly are leveraged, they are doing much more peer-to-peer learning, much more learning outside school. 

370
00:44:18,430 --> 00:44:26,730
They own the laptop, it's in their nap set, they take it home it's for music, it's for leisure, it's for reading, it's for playing, it's for everything.

371
00:44:26,730 --> 00:44:31,320
And that integrated view of life as applied to education.

372
00:44:31,320 --> 00:44:39,070
It's far far more powerful and much bigger increment than adding 2 percent more teachers and cheaper.

373
00:44:39,070 --> 00:44:41,070
Yes, sir.

374
00:44:41,070 --> 00:44:43,250
Sadly back to the grey market issues. 

375
00:44:43,250 --> 00:44:48,290
Maybe the countries that need this the most have the most corruption problems

376
00:44:48,290 --> 00:44:57,390
Could you touch it a little bit more on the inexplicit design features to make the product less attractive to the 50 percent markets sold out to the custom and sold in white markets.

377
00:44:57,390 --> 00:45:01,450
And yet not impair ---- for the children.

378
00:45:01,450 --> 00:45:09,810
Umm, the grey market is a very serious issue; I don't want to be dismissive of it, for a moment.

379
00:45:09,810 --> 00:45:12,440
And there are three ways of addressing it.

380
00:45:12,440 --> 00:45:19,330
Way.1 is to have no market at all for it, and you can't sell it, who could buy it.

381
00:45:19,330 --> 00:45:27,290
That isn't fully proofed, that's a little bit dreaming, but it's part of the equation.

382
00:45:27,290 --> 00:45:35,550
The second is to put the technologies into the device that help prohibit, you know, stop that.

383
00:45:35,550 --> 00:45:40,360
In Maine these are Apple i-books, in Maine.

384
00:45:40,360 --> 00:45:47,880
So there are not only great stuff to steal and go, we don't necessarily have corruption and that kind of things.

385
00:45:47,880 --> 00:45:56,260
But it's pretty transferable technology, they put little things, so the machine disables itself, after a while they haven't connected to the school.

386
00:45:56,260 --> 00:46:00,640
You can put GPS in it, you can put also some stuff. You can then…

387
00:46:00,640 --> 00:46:14,300
But then the third one much I am doing and I like do it is to makes this machine so distinctive that it is socially a stigma to be carrying one if you are not a child or a teacher.

388
00:46:14,300 --> 00:46:23,070
And you can also take down it to your basement but I hope your spouse will even say "Oh, God! Honey, what did you do?" OK?

389
00:46:23,070 --> 00:46:26,870
You stole from the church; it's like a red cross or something.

390
00:46:26,870 --> 00:46:32,850
So I am hoping that the distinctiveness of the product will be the third one that one may be isn’t thought of that often, 

391
00:46:32,850 --> 00:46:39,590
So those three combined, I hope will at least limit this to one percent or two percent.

392
00:46:39,590 --> 00:46:44,590
It's not going make this going into it. Yes Sir.

393
00:46:44,590 --> 00:46:50,040
I have a question related to the education and teaching process.

394
00:46:50,040 --> 00:47:04,630
With such a powerful tool and instrument and such a large key, is it not the moment right now to re-change the content of the teaching processes we all accustomed to.

395
00:47:04,630 --> 00:47:17,600
And especially going to new countries, such as countries in Africa, things like that, well European structure of teaching, it's happening I suppose

396
00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:28,480
It's not the time. Is the process started or is there some initiatives necessary together to start it?

397
00:47:28,480 --> 00:47:35,620
You know of all the questions, that's the most important one. Clearly, this is not teaching as we know it.

398
00:47:35,620 --> 00:47:42,440
This is not education as we know it. Now there are two different ways to answer that question.

399
00:47:42,440 --> 00:47:49,170
One is to say that only part of learning comes from teaching.

400
00:47:49,170 --> 00:47:55,760
A lot of learning comes from exploration, from interaction, from curiosity.

401
00:47:55,760 --> 00:47:59,830
That's how we learn how to walk, that's how we learn how to talk.

402
00:47:59,830 --> 00:48:10,320
It's the kind of learning that kids do very well and so this is a tool to make that more continuous and seamless

403
00:48:10,320 --> 00:48:19,440
Versus what happens today while we say roughly at age 6 stop learning that way and learn by being told, by books and teachers.

404
00:48:19,440 --> 00:48:26,790
And that's education. I am not against the books and teachers; I am not against learning by teaching.

405
00:48:26,790 --> 00:48:34,160
But there is other piece that is very important. Switch to the teaching side, switch to the education

406
00:48:34,160 --> 00:48:39,460
This is the life's work of Seymour Papert, it is the life work of Mitch Resnick, ant others

407
00:48:39,460 --> 00:48:47,090
And we are going to be working on it, what does it mean to have a curriculum, what does it mean to learn A before B?

408
00:48:47,090 --> 00:48:52,830
What does it mean when you can have what it called a construction as an approach to learning?

409
00:48:52,830 --> 00:48:58,900
Those are so monumental changing education as we know on the whole planet

410
00:48:58,900 --> 00:49:04,850
I don't talk about them as much because that's going to take decades to change.

411
00:49:04,850 --> 00:49:10,760
That's not going to happen by Q4207 that's going to take a long time and generations.

412
00:49:10,760 --> 00:49:13,480
Because teachers have been doing this for many years.

413
00:49:13,480 --> 00:49:26,180
So all we can do there is to seize the change and then like the Wikipedia grew or like Linux grew, do open source education like MIT has done with its Opensource CourseWare.

414
00:49:26,180 --> 00:49:33,770
Sort of change it and in some sense to see, they’re the last people that come out to the Trojan horse but they stay there the longest.

415
00:49:33,770 --> 00:49:46,120
And it's a big issue but only some of the mountains I can climb, and that's Everest. So we conquered the others first. Yes.

416
00:49:46,120 --> 00:49:55,000
Sir you’re gonna double the size of an industry, making it more efficient by eliminating the profit mode, and working with the federal governments.

417
00:49:55,000 --> 00:50:00,190
Can you name another business with that happened?

418
00:50:00,190 --> 00:50:02,970
Is there anybody help me in the room?

419
00:50:02,970 --> 00:50:13,570
No, I can't, perhaps the other place it's happened is in education itself, and I don't want to confuse the profit motive.

420
00:50:13,570 --> 00:50:17,410
I am as profit motivated as anybody else in this room.

421
00:50:17,410 --> 00:50:27,430
But most education is not a business. It's part of the government's responsibility to its people.

422
00:50:27,430 --> 00:50:39,150
Many roads fall in that category, clean air falls in that category, and so we want to put laptops for children in primary and secondary schools into the same category.

423
00:50:39,150 --> 00:50:48,530
And you could change your question a little bit or even say this is a Marxists approach to entrepreneurship by doing in it.

424
00:50:48,530 --> 00:50:55,960
The answer is education really is a state founded phenomenon and so for us to be state founded

425
00:50:55,960 --> 00:51:04,660
And to do it in that way as a global development program to eliminate poverty to do those sorts of things.

426
00:51:04,660 --> 00:51:11,290
I do not know of a president, maybe somebody can think one in the room but I think it fits perfectly.

427
00:51:11,290 --> 00:51:18,160
It's not a step backwards and saying entrepreneurship doesn't work, it works just fine, thank you very much.

428
00:51:18,160 --> 00:51:26,600
But in this case I need to align the board the motivations and everything with that course going down, down, down, down, down.

429
00:51:26,600 --> 00:51:37,650
And not the next release. in fact I was talking to somebody who's the candidate. We are looking by the way for a CEO, send me an e-mail if you have a candidate.

430
00:51:37,650 --> 00:51:45,960
I’ve interviewed somebody saaid "Oh, this is great and in the next release we can add these features then we can have one with more memories and then can we…"

431
00:51:45,960 --> 00:51:53,790
And I say "Eh, no, that's not what's going to happen, next one we going to have less memory perhaps, the next one is going to be cheaper, the next one is gonna…"

432
00:51:53,790 --> 00:52:04,030
In another word, we've got built the curve that goes the other way because a hundred dollars, as much as sounds impossible, it's still far too expensive.

433
00:52:04,030 --> 00:52:12,900
My question is about the various forces that you wake up when you put this two together.

434
00:52:12,900 --> 00:52:22,800
I am scientist here in the US and in the spare time I began teaching the course in a very small village in Guatemala, for people who really don't have, you know teachers.

435
00:52:22,800 --> 00:52:43,580
So we put the Internet together twelve units and I’m struggling to try to teach by basic math from here to there.

436
00:52:43,580 --> 00:52:51,650
My reason is I check the twelve units and decides they have the students have been going into there are lot of pornography into it.

437
00:52:51,650 --> 00:53:02,840
So you have a lot of grey markets and also grey forces trying to use this channel of communication.

438
00:53:02,840 --> 00:53:07,080
And we have to see how we organized the rest of wildered forces to see if we beat the others to get to the brains of the students.

439
00:53:07,080 --> 00:53:12,680
And I wondered how you want to build that infrastructure.

440
00:53:12,680 --> 00:53:21,460
I like your program, I like your program linking to the open source of courses.

441
00:53:21,460 --> 00:53:29,180
We have them from the children to the courses of advanced graduate schools of MIT all available.

442
00:53:29,180 --> 00:53:38,240
But I think the infrastructure to be there the forces need to be put together so I want to know how you plan to do?

443
00:53:38,240 --> 00:53:43,930
OK, as you can imagine, you are not the first person to ask that question.

444
00:53:43,930 --> 00:53:50,290
Our experience by the way in Cambodia has been the opposite that we have been the opposite.

445
00:53:50,290 --> 00:53:54,390
We don't have kids using it for pornography we don't… it’s just hasn't had this in their heads.

446
00:53:54,390 --> 00:54:03,600
It's an interesting thing about terrorism and pornography.

447
00:54:03,600 --> 00:54:10,250
Terrorists use cell phones, pornographers use printed material, and Gutenberg doesn't get too much flag for it, Ok?

448
00:54:10,250 --> 00:54:15,490
So for us to somehow has to bear that weight it's a little bit like saying to the cell phone industry

449
00:54:15,490 --> 00:54:20,760
"You are responsible for September 11th" or to the printing industry "your are…"

450
00:54:20,760 --> 00:54:28,870
You are not. We've got education itself to solve your problem.

451
00:54:28,870 --> 00:54:33,820
We have to perhaps fine for very young kids particular ways for block sites, ways to do things, all of that's happening.

452
00:54:33,820 --> 00:54:44,970
And will happen and need to say we worried about it, we will address it

453
00:54:44,970 --> 00:54:53,060
But I really do want to remind these all that I could take that argument and take it to its extreme and say we then really shouldn't teach people to read and write.

454
00:54:53,060 --> 00:54:56,840
Because that's the solution, we can’t read, and we can’t write, we can’t send messages to create bombs, we can’t create pornographies.  Well, that’s not the solution, so we do something else.

455
00:54:56,840 --> 00:55:03,490
OK, I thought I was pretty good on time, I thought I was terrific, I think you are actually a minute early.

456
00:55:03,490 --> 00:55:06,720
I think this man who is about to sit down gets to ask his question.

457
00:55:06,720 --> 00:55:08,200

458
00:55:08,200 --> 00:55:13,490
Oh, he did, he's pretty typical. He do this all the time.

459
00:55:13,490 --> 00:55:17,980
Ladies and gentlemen, this was Nicholas Negroponte, thanks him very much.

460
00:55:13,490 --> 00:55:20,000
An OOPS Production
Opensource Open Courseware Prototype System
Transcriber: ¤B±¶¡B§õ¬ã
Proofreader: «J晓­}